Urban Sprawl And The United States - 3113 Words

Introduction This paper is a review of past and current research based on the cause and effect of urban sprawl in the United States with a case analysis of Fairfax County, Virginia. The motivation for this review is to shed light on issues that surround urban sprawl in large metropolitan areas and to discuss recommendations for research and ways to improve various effects of sprawl. The second motivation for this research is to show that there needs to be uniformity among researchers and urban planners, better data and analysis should be done to combat sprawl. My goal with this literature review is to define urban sprawl, define classic patterns in the United States, how we measure sprawl, the cause and effect of sprawl in the United States, give detailed background information on Fairfax County, future trends and implications of sprawl in Fairfax County, how to combat sprawl in the United States as well as in Fairfax County and key priorities in future research. What is Urban Sprawl? To define sprawl we have to understand the characteristics that make up sprawl. Low density is most commonly defined as that of single family homes on larger lots in areas constituted as suburban, buildings are smaller (having less stories) and are spaced further apart. The Transportation Research Board (1998) states that low density development â€Å"is one of the cardinal defining characteristics of sprawl.† Single use zoning is also a common characteristic of sprawl. Single use zoning isShow MoreRelatedUrban Sprawl Of The United States1716 Words   |  7 Pages Urban Sprawl in The United States Kori Thompson The Gwinnett School of Math, Science, and Technology Urban Sprawl in The United States A great number of Americans living today reside in areas where homes, businesses, and institutions are spread sparsely. These areas are commonly referred to as either urban or suburban sprawl. Sprawl is generally designed for the movement of cars and not the movement of pedestrians; most people simply will not, and often cannotRead MoreEssay High Cost of Urban Sprawl1661 Words   |  7 PagesUrban Sprawl is an intricate concept that is mostly known as low density, automobile dependent development beyond the edge of employment and services zones. This type of development is ubiquitous in the United States since the end of World War II. Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl has raised immense number of concerns in various areas, such as: environmental impacts, loss of farmland, traffic problems, urban decline, taxpayer subsidy, loss of community, housing, as well as some unspecific concernsRead MoreUrban Sprawl and Wildlife Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagescivilization. In the United States, our progress is often measured by growth and development, but should this be re-examined? There are many opinions on the subject of urban sprawl and its effects on wildlife, but one thing is for certain, we are expanding. From 1955 to 2005, urban and suburban areas grew by 300%, however, the population only increased by 75% over the same period (Ewing, Kostyack and Chen). According to NatureServe, a non-profit conservation organization, urban sprawl threatens one ofRead MoreHousing Affordability And The Housing Crisis1508 Words   |  7 Pagesapplicants for housing assistance. It is used in the administration of rental housing subsidies, such as the Section 8 housing vouchers (Bogdon Can, 1997). In addition to qualifying ratios, it is often used to describe housing markets not only in the United States but also internationally (Robinson et al. 2006). Both indices and standards are structurally deficient in that they only consider costs directly related to housing, ignoring those related to transportation which also vary with location. We knowRead MorePopulation Growth And Urban Road Emissions1738 Words   |  7 PagesPOPULATION GROWTH AND URBAN ROAD EMISSIONS Toh Xinyi Cindi1 1Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. W., xinyi.toh@mail.mcgill.ca Abstract This paper describes how world population growth is the most challenging factor in affecting urban road emissions. As world population grows, urban population has increased leading to greater demands for private motor vehicles due to issues like urban sprawl and the aspirations for owningRead MoreThe Issue Of Natural Resources Management837 Words   |  4 PagesThe next big issue in natural resources management will be concerns regarding urban sprawl and the conflict it is causing between humans and wildlife. Urban sprawl involves a city expanding beyond its originally set perimeters. This can occur as â€Å"edge cities† or smaller communities form around the outskirts of a metropolitan area. Ranges that were formerly pastoral begin having people inhabiting (Nechyba Walsh, 2004). The wildlife that was previously occupying these spaces is disturbed. This eitherRead MoreHow Transpiration Is Important For The Improvement Of Evolution1537 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations of th e first ever car inventor could have dreamed of . In 1768, the first auto-mobile ran by steam power was created by Nicolas- Joseph Cugnot. The first car to run by combustion hydrogen engine was created by Franà §ois Isaac de Rivaz. Research states that Karl Benz created the first ever automobile in 1886. He created the first gasoline automobile. The name of the car was called the â€Å"Benz Patent-Motor wagon†, and this was also considered the first manufactured line of vehicles. The first longRead MoreHome From Nowhere By James Kunstler1361 Words   |  6 PagesJames Kunstler in his book Home from Nowhere, slams American urban design and goes into detail about its horrifying attributes. He calls the United States a theme park nation that needs superficial stimulation to hide unhappiness. These conditions exist, in part, due to our association of the city with the dirty industrial revolution rather than the more natural green environment that people prefer. He calls the public realm the connective tissue of our everyday wor ld. It is parks, streets, squaresRead MoreHow Transpiration Is Important For The Improvement Of Evolution1526 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations of the first ever car inventor could have dreamed of. In 1768, the first auto-mobile ran by steam power was created by Nicolas- Joseph Cugnot. The first car to run by combustion hydrogen engine was created by Franà §ois Isaac de Rivaz. Research states that Karl Benz created the first ever automobile in 1886. He created the first gasoline automobile. The name of the car was called the â€Å"Benz Patent-Motor wagon†, and this was also considered the first manufactured line of vehicles. The first longRead MoreNew Urbanism1339 Words   |  6 Pages{text:change} {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} New Urbanism New Urbanism is a relatively recent architectural and social design principle to leave its mark {text:change} {text:change} on United States society. Many past contributing factors present in society {text:change} {text:change} have lead some Americans {text:change} {text:change} to call {text:change} {text:change} for the implementation of a New Urbanism way of life in recent years. After defining and {text:change}

Only the Heart - 775 Words

Only The Heart is a novel written by Brian Caswell and David Chiem that tells a story familiar to many Australians. A Vietnamese family is threatened, pulled apart by the war in that country. Some of its members disappear; hard-earned wealth is lost. The novel leads the reader to a new understanding of refugees with the demonstrated views of pain, determination, survival and freedom, which are brought to life throughout the novel. The fall of Saigon in 1975 provides the momentum for Mai and her daughters, Phuong and Linh, with Mais brother Minh, his wife Hoa and their three sons, to escape the new regime that has transformed their country into a prison. The novel Only the Heart shows that just because they are refugees they are not†¦show more content†¦She then says â€Å" Your mother loves you child. Remember that. Always.† (Chapter 6, Fair Exchange, page 67). The situation was dangerous indeed and through Mai’s bond with Phuong and as a mother, protected Phuong from her would-be kidnappers. The use of emotive language in this scene show that Mai truly loved her daughter. One of the many similes that the writer used was: â€Å"The world slides away like a memory and is gone.† (Chapter 13, Before the Death of Innocence, page 139). The use ofShow MoreRelatedThe Journey In â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† Spans Not Only The Capricious1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the myste ry that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human heart and mind bringing on an awareness, and finally descending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplayRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart And The Birth Mark Only A Couple Of Months Apart1428 Words   |  6 PagesContemporaries Edgar Alan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne published their respective short stories The Tell-Tale Heart and The Birth-Mark only a couple of months apart. The Tell-Tale Heart is the personal account of a young man’s descent into madness as he becomes increasingly fixated on the eye of an older man, presumably his father. Similarly, The Birth-Mark narrates the story of a young couple, Aylmer and Georgiana, and how the latter’s birthmark becomes the obsession of the former. Poe and Hawthorne’sRead MoreHow Often Are You Walking Down The Sidewalk And Catch A1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthat smoke, which is what lead us to test smokers and the effects that smoking had on their heart rate. â€Å"Research has shown that smoking increases heart rate, tightens major arteries, and can cause an irregular heart rhythm, all of which make your heart work harder. Smoking also raises blood pressure, which increases the risk of stroke† (Texas Heart Institute, 2016). We wanted to see the difference in heart rate between smokers and non-smokers, we also compared smokers to themselves based on how longRead MoreLiving with Congestive Heart Disease804 Words   |  3 Pagesone in nine people die from Congestive Heart Disease. Patients who have been diagnosed with Congestive Heart Disease are more likely to have one of these other disorders; Diabetes, Hypertension, or Coronary Artery Disease. Patient who have hypertension are at an increased risk for developing congestive heart failure during their lifetime. This is because it puts more workload on the heart than is needed. 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Scientifically, know the differences between a human’s heart and a dog’s heart. They know how many hearts a worm has and how a bacterium has none. Doctors know how to perform surgery on the heart without killing a person whileRead MoreThe Heart And Circulatory System1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of the heart and circulatory system, together referred to as the cardiovascular system, has been a topic of interest for many centuries. As one of the most complex and sophisticated systems in the human body, the journey towards our current understanding of it’s form and function has been a long one. Even cardiology, the study of the heart and circulatory system is still relatively in its infancy as a medical specialty. The heart and circulatory system were largely explored by WilliamRead MoreMyocardial Infarction Is The Technical Name For A Heart Attack1703 Words   |  7 Pagesinfarction is the technical name for a heart attack, is the damage and death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen, causing injury to the heart muscle. Injury to the heart muscle causes chest pain and chest pressure sensation. If blood flow is not restored to the heart muscle within 20 to 40 minutes, irreversibleRead MoreExercise : Exercise And Exercise Group1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe low heart rates from the exercise group and the high heart rates from the non-exercise group appeared as a result of both group’s overall fitness level. In order to achieve said results, each individual’s average heart rate was taken by feeling a pulse five times. They were then categorized in the exercise group or non-exercise group depending on whether or not they exercise for twenty minutes three times a week. There were no discrepancies in the data overall, since the results were as expectedRead MoreDaphnia Experiment Report1504 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of caffeine has been related with raised blood pressure, restlessness, insomnia and anxiety which, in the long term, can lead to heart and circulation problems. The aim of this experiment is to observe whether caffeine has any significant effect on heart rate. To test this, daphnia will be placed in water and then caffeine solution, so the difference in heart rates can be compared. Daphnia are small invertebrates that are found in aquatic environments, more commonly known as ‘water fleas’

Corporate Strategy Birds Eye Trade

Questions: 1. Why did Birds Eye develop as a vertically integrated producer?2. In sourcing raw materials, why did Birds Eye adopt different arrangements for peas, fish, and meat?3. Why did the frozen food industry de-integrate?4. What was Birds Eyes problem in the late 1970s?5. What should Birds Eye do? Answers: 1. In early 19th century, soon after Birds Eye trade was commenced, there were certain complexities in the trade of frozen food. So, in order to keep the superiority of the food to be highly kept in mind, it has to be iced up rapidly. Even if the eatables were cold right away then also it has to be kept ice-covered until it gets to the clients. Due to the requirement for high quality of the goods that were being frozen, emerging to be as a vertically-integrated producer permitted it to be the most controlled one. From the time when the operating cost was high in the market of frozen food, it was only worth freezing the best food to keep up the high quality and hence be able to charge a premium cost for the same (Kliein et al., 2008). But the major reasons for developing Bird Eye as a vertically integrated producer was: Lack of a Well-Developed Infrastructure: Irregularity of machines and shortage of skilled labor were the main issues in production. Public cold storages had a limited capacity. The state of retail distribution was also not good. For this reason, Birds Eye was obligated to make its own system (Collis, 1994). Perseverance of Quality: The food must be timely processed and frozen otherwise its quality was cooperated. Therefore, the system must be extremely proficient. Regular Supply of High Quality Raw Material: Birds Eye creates capacity in poultry and attained a majority stake in a fishing corporation. For vegetables, they worked directly with farmers who supply seeds and provide them with farming expertise. 2. For Fish and poultry Birds Eye did a backward integration by inculcating a capability and obtaining a controlling wager in the suppliers. But for peas Birds Eye has worked directly in relation with the people by giving them with both assets and proficiency with the development of high superiority manufacture. There were certain reasons also for the different arrangements like: In the market place Birds Eye was able to be safeguarded for the grant of raw material with longer term agreements with the people of the farm. But with the trawl suppliers, the procedure was harder when the proceeds bought from dock side sales were introduce from Scandinavia. This procedure did not let Birds Eye to have an adequate amount to be in charge of so they fixed the procedure by vertical integration. 3. The De-Integration of Frozen Food Industry was done as a result of a number of factors like: The industry got matured and reduced its capital cost as a result of which there were low entry barriers; New technologies were adopted off the shelf there were an availability of the blast freezers. And integration of freezing lowered the advantages of large scale production; Developments in Retailing for providing counter service and self service which increased marketing opportunities. It also led to new entrants with specialization in particular segments; New firms emerged which provided storage, freezing, transportation services; Development of Supermarkets and large supermarkets chains were done; Developments of Catering Segments were made; Lack of Brand Consciousness, Emergence of Home Freezer Centers, etc (Grant, 2013). When Birds Eye came into the business, as it founded the industry of food which was refrigerated, it utilized vertical incorporation advance. It had lot of income and aggressive benefit over its participants. It had high productivity and market share in comparison to its participants. But later in late 19th century there was add to in opposition, which lead in reduction in market share and productivity of the Birds Eye. 4. Although all the vertically integrated producers were seen to be enjoying certain competitive advantages which were connected to the dedicated dealers, but over time their formation led to certain difficulties in other areas, which canceled their benefits. On the whole the difficulties were seen to be such that they presided over the advantages (Grant, 2016). The advantages comprises of: Having power over the supply chain: A perpendicularly incorporated manufacturer enjoyed the power over the whole supply chain which was most important to more rapid response in order to increase the demand of the same. Quality of goods: Since a perpendicularly incorporated producer has much better power over the excellence at a number of points which were there in the supply chain, they could make sure that a better quality finished product was granted (Grant, 2016). Incarcerating the profit crosswise to the value chain: Vertically integrated manufacturers were able to take into custody both the up and down proceeds. Similarly, the Disadvantages which prevail in such situation were: Augmented overhead prices: The dedicated dealers takes pleasure in lower transparency prices as they were dedicated in only one good, which did not include any exchange prices. On the other side perpendicularly incorporated manufacturers had numerous goods lines, which led to inadequacies. Exit Restrictions: The considerable transportation capital investments by perpendicularly incorporated manufacturers when the market was not mature prohibited them from outlawing less gainful trades (Tadelis, 2009). 5. In order to stay and survive in this competitive world the Birds eye should: Strip/turn off dealer and allocation trades: They should keep into consideration advertising or revolving off its procurement and allocation trades, therefore reduce expenses and attain equivalence in price arrangement with the other rivalry. The smaller mass would also add to making it lither and act in response rapidly to transformations in its trade (Collis, 2017). Influence Brand: They could utilize the brand acknowledgment to enlarge into other goods or certify their brand name for other goods to produce certain proceeds. Advertising to private labels: They should also believe selling to private labels as their share in the market has been growing at a fast speed. From 6% in 1970 to 21% in 1978. Although the margin would be lower in this trade it would assist in recapturing market share (Grant, 2010). Diminish product lines: Over a period of time good production took place at organization in order to struggle in some diverse market areas. This led to issues with marketing as endorsing such widely diverse goods was establishing to be complicated. They should keep in mind and think on the most gainful product lines, utilize its brand image as power and endorse advanced margin goods while doing away with the unbeneficial good lines. References Collis, D. (2017) Birds Eye and the UK Frozen Food Industry, Harvard Business School, 5, 795. Collis, D.J.(1994) Birds Eye and the U.K. Frozen Food Industry (A), Harvard Business School Case 792-074. Grant, R.M. (2010) Contemporary Strategy Analysis and Cases: Text and Cases, 7th ed. Grant, R.M. (2013) Vertical Integration and The Scope of The Firm. [Online] Contemporary strategy analysis. Available from: https://www.contemporarystrategyanalysis.com [Accessed on 8/2/17] Grant, R.M. (2016) Contemporary Strategic management. 6th ed. Grant, R.M.(2016) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 9th ed. Kliein, B., Crawford, R.G., and Alchian, A.A. (2008) Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process. Journal of Law and Economics, 21(2), 297-326. Tadelis, S. (2009) The Innovation Organization: Creating Value through Outsourcing. [Online] Berkeley Haas. Available from: https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/stadelis/Tadelis_CMR.pdf [Accessed on 8/2/17]

Tomorrow When the War Began free essay sample

When the War Began,† is an Australian novel that represents how eight ordinary teenagers respond to a surprise invasion. John Marsden’s greatest strength as a writer is his grasp of character; once again he has created and constructed powerful compelling characters that appeal to the reading audience in many different ways. He appeals to the reader by using the following techniques, first person narrative, constructive characters, morality and leadership. John Marsden has many different, creative ways to write a story, but in this case he has chosen to write â€Å"Tomorrow, When the War Began† with one of the main characters (Ellie) narrating from first person. Ellie (the story teller) is a seventeen-year-old country girl, born and raise on a cattle and sheep farm. Ellie is a natural leader, she doesn’t choose to be, that’s just the way she is. On page 20, Ellie show her first sign of leadership as they climbing their way down Satan’s Steps, Ellie gives a motivational speech saying, â€Å"Guys, I don’t know if its possible or not but there’s plenty of people round Wirrawee who say it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Tomorrow When the War Began or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you believe the stories, there was an old ex-murderer lived in there for six years – the Hermit from Hell. If some pensioner can do it we sure can. I think we should give it our best shot. Lets make like dressmakers and get the tuck in there. † The signs of leader ship shown in this speech are, encouragement and a never give up attitude. This makes Ellie connect to the audience because she is strong, confident, motivational character. Another appealing aspect is how the book goes on the characters change, they emerge from their average selves to leaders/warriors that take on roles and do things they wouldn’t have done before. For example, on page 90 when Ellie blew up three soldiers by setting fire to a ride on mower, she didn’t won’t to do it but she had too, if she wanted save her friends. Another main character to step up and take leadership was Homer. Homer started off as a troublemaker, a joker. He would always get up to mischief, but as the war goes on he matures quickly and become leader full of tactical plans. For example on page 249 Homer came up with a cunning plan to blow up the bridge by using the same method Ellie had with the lawn mower. The war made Homer change for good, and also helped him reveal the hidden leader inside of him. Homer wasn’t the only one to mature, all of the eight teenagers did. They had a tough time and saw horrible things that no one should have to see, but it was these experiences that helped them mature and become stronger characters for the future. They are all brave and over come their fears, some quicker than others. On page 240 Fi says, â€Å"I know logically that we should do this and we should do that. But all I know is the thought of anything makes my nose bleed. All I really want to do is go to the hermits hut and hide under his mouldy bead till this is over. † This shows how scared Fi really is during the war, but then she overcomes her fear and goes with Ellie to get the oil tanker to blow up the bridge. The whole group was courageous with the approach they had of fighting back and even though they had their hick ups along the way they managed to pull through as a group to blow up bridge. Ellie struggles with what is right and wrong, but these are the questions that form an important and moving part of the early novel. She says I had blood on my hands, like the Hermit, and just as I couldnt tell whether his actions were good or bad, so too I couldnt tell what mine were. Had I killed out of love for my friends, as part of a noble crusade to rescue friends and family and keep our land free? Or had I killed because I valued my life above that of others? Would it be OK for me to kill a dozen others to keep myself alive? A hundred? A thousand? At what point did I condemn myself to Hell, if I hadnt already done so? The Bible just said Thou shalt not kill, then told hundreds of stories of people killing each other and becoming heroes, like David and Goliath. That didnt help me much. I didnt feel like a criminal, but I didnt feel like a hero either. Ellie believes she has done the wrong thing by killing the soldiers, but later in the book Home states â€Å"this is war now and normal rules don’t apply. These people have invaded our land, locked up our families. The moment they left their country to come here they knew what they were doing. They’re the ones who tore up the rule book, not us. † This explains that if they want to survive they have to push the boundaries and forget about their morals. John Marsden has effectively created eight teenage characters appeal to his reading audience. Using his writing skills and techniques he develops his characters to grow, mature and learn from their experiences, which helps them survive.